Many factors such as lack of social capital influence of critical media and decrease or lack of accountability in public institutions has diminished public trust to government and its organizations. But, there are many evidences showing that strategic environmental variables such as political factors may be effective on current situation. In this article, the researcher has studied the trust literature firstly and then evaluated the effect of strategic environmental factors in increasing or decreasing of political trust. Thus, the purpose of this research was to study and explain the role of political factors in political trust. The data were gathered with questionnaires and analyzed by LISREL and SPSS software. The statistical sample was selected from the research community that formed from public and private organizations in Tehran city. The results revealed that political-legal factors have very effective and important role in political trust changes in our society. These findings can help to improve and complete the boundary of knowledge in relevant areas. The results of such studies can also be considered as the basis for more attention to political trust and solutions for their improvements too.

The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of political power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the variables and factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the variables affecting the spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of variables. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the variables in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the variables in the spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory variables). According to the results, some variables such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” and “the way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver variables. On the other hand, five variables consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” and “income, cost and investment in the port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage variables. Findings of research also shows that some variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent variables. Three variables including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous variables. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory variables. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key variables affecting the development of the spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 variables extracted, 4 variables (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Introduction. Political participation is one of the most important signs of political development, which its quality and format differs from society to society. The realization of institutionalization and political participation requires the preparation of the psycho-social, cultural, economic and political conditions of each society. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of effective social and cultural factors, such as media, associations, social networks and friendship groups, on the political participation of students in political and party organizations. Quantitative and qualitative studies have shown that modern and classical media have been influential in political parties and political and civil formations. Today, modern communication and information technologies are considered as the driving engine of political, economic and cultural globalization and the spread of democracy...

Over the past few decades, China has been able to achieve significant economic growth by maintaining the structure of its political system, exploiting domestic benefits, and pursuing an open-door policy in the economic sphere. Despite the common interests of Iran and China in the face of regional and international threats, strategic and stable relations have not been established between the two sides. In fact, the main question is to identify and examine the main variables of Iran-China relations to establish strategic bilateral relations for greater benefits. In this study, with a bilateral perspective from the perspective of Iran and China and using the theoretical model of "interdependence", the strategic framework of long-term relations between the two countries has been drawn. Analytical-descriptive study indicates the existence of cooperation between the two countries in three dimensions of energy, transit and security to form a strategic framework between the parties. Therefore, the main issue of the article is to identify the key components that shape the strategic relations between Iran and China. The basic hypothesis is the existence of transit, energy and security variables as bases for cooperation between the two countries. The results indicate that Iran has three comparative advantages, including sustainable energy supply, secure transit access to Central Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean, and security in the Islamic geography. In contrast, supplying value-added energy derivatives, completing transit infrastructure, and facilitating access to finance are seen as China's benefits to Iran's economy.

Revolution is a turning point in human history which occurs due to fast and fundamental changes. These changes occur in a short period of time within the existing structures of a society, especially its political structure. Studies to explain the 1979 Iranian revolution, as one of the important political events in the late twentieth century, have been conducted using multiple cultural, political, economic and social approaches. The present paper tries to investigate the national and extra-national factors affecting the occurrence of Islamic Revolution by using the political approach. Different aspects of this approach are then analyzed, as it is the case for other studies trying to explain the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the main question of this paper is: "What are national and extra-national political factors affecting the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution in 1979?" The method used to conduct this research is descriptive and documentary. The findings indicate that factors such as the despotic political system structure (one person in power, lack of political freedom, repression) administrative-political corruption (ingratiation and informal relationships, financial and moral corruption) neutralization and incompetence of the Army, imbalanced socio-economic development, and Shah's dependence on the US had a significant role in shaping and accelerating the Islamic Revolution.

Today, within the framework of new urban management approaches, the optimal urban management paradigm is emphasized, and this management is seen as a suitable model to respond to the growing needs of citizens and the problems faced by cities. The investigation of the metropolitan society of Tehran shows that due to the lack of attention to the principles of political organization of space and ineffective political management of space, Tehran is currently suffering from urbanization problems. In this research, the influencing variables on the political management of space in Tehran metropolis, including political-security, geographical-communication, social-cultural and legal indicators, have been analyzed and tested on the way of political management of space in Tehran metropolis. This research is a descriptive-analytical research according to the practical purpose and in terms of the method. Variables are tested using T-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression methods. Some of the questions are designed based on the Likert scale, and some of them are two-to multiple-choice. In fact, it was tried that the questions were not directed and the researcher's opinion was not induced in them. Finally, 84 questionnaires were completed. The statistical population of this research is the managers of Tehran municipality, government managers and middle managers involved in the political organization of space, as well as academic elites and experts in the field of political management of space. This research seeks to answer the question that what are the variables affecting the political management of space in Tehran metropolis? The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between political-security, geographic-communication, social-cultural and legal variables with the political management of space in Tehran metropolis. Also, the political-security variable has the most importance, followed by the geographic-communication variable, social-cultural index and legal index.

Our analysis of Popper’s philosophy of science focuses on his concepts of tradition and situational analysis. These concepts represent innovative Popperian contributions to a historical and hermeneutical turn in philosophy of science that most of his critics, especially Kuhn, fail to recognize. According to his historical view, Popper conceives sciences as a complex of traditions in continuous transformation and progress by means of rational discussion of theories. In order to grasp the rational progress of scientific traditions, Popper proposes an original method that he calls “situational analysis”. This hermeneutical method seeks to understand the concepts, hypotheses, actions, practices, controversies and products that scientists made to solve problems in their specific historical contexts to improve the truth content of theories. In addition to his historical and hermeneutical turn, Popper also inquired about the social and political conditions for the progress of scientific traditions by means of intersubjective criticism of theories and conjectures. According to him, the rational discussion of ideas requires, as necessary conditions, plurality of ideas, intellectual humility, and freedom of thought and communication that can only exist in an open and democratic society. With these considerations, we may say that in addition to a historical and hermeneutical turn, Popper also contributed to a social and political turn in the philosophy of science

Introduction: Political culture as attitude to politics is one of the most important variables that play a crucial role in the stability of democracies. Acknowledging the importance of this issue is crucial because nowadays political culture has become an important concept in social sciences. The goal of this study is to study students’ political culture in the view of Tessler’s and Gauo’s conceptual framework.Materiel & Methods: Method of this study is survey. Unite of analysis is individual. Research population consists of students from Kurdistan province universities (azad university-Sanandj branch, university of Kurdistan, payam Noor sanandj branch), whose number is 28448 individuals in different levels (bachelors, master and PhD). Sample size was calculated to be 380 by Cochran formula. The type of sampling method was stratified sampling according to type of university, college, sex and grade of education. The data was collected by questionnaire, whose validity was determined by formal and constructive validities and its reliability was measured by Cornbrash’s alpha.Discussion of Results and conclusions: The results show that 33.72 percent of students had a democratic political culture, 28 percent were indifferent, 23 percent were pragmatic and 16 percent had a limited political culture. Political culture has is in a meaningful relationship with variables of religion, attitude, age, education, space and ethnicity. The result of multi-variable regression shows that nearly 33 percent of dependent variable can be explained by independent variables.The results also show that there is a meaningful relationship between political socialization and political acculturation, that is, values, attitudes, believes, rituals and customs are transferred from one generation to another by family. The educational system, religion, government and mass Media contribute to this process too (Haywood, 1997: 180). In the view of Alam, the family, school, peer groups, work experiences, mass media and contact with political system are effective in political socialization. Of particular importance is the role that mass media play in socialization of political culture. At the same time, our study showed that there is a meaningful correlation between personality traits and political culture. Although previous researchers have not paid enough attention to the relationship between authoritarian personality and political culture, Inglehart believed that individuals with democratic political culture tend to move beyond materialist values, develop positive attitudes to gender equality, and have more tolerance about others (Inglehart & Velzl, 2005, 132).